A sebaceous cyst is a small, non-cancerous lump that forms beneath the skin, usually filled with a pasty, oily substance called keratin. These cysts can develop anywhere on the body but are most commonly found on the face, neck, back, and torso. While typically painless and harmless, sebaceous cysts can become red, swollen, or infected if not treated properly.
Sebaceous cysts form when the sebaceous glands, which produce the skin’s natural oils (sebum), become blocked or damaged. The trapped oil and dead skin cells create a closed sac, leading to a visible lump under the skin. Understanding what causes sebaceous cysts is important for choosing the right treatment options and knowing when to seek professional advice.
At City Dermatology Clinic, our dermatologists and surgeons provide safe and effective treatments for sebaceous cysts, offering expert insights and personalised care to help maintain healthy, clear skin.
Common Causes of Sebaceous Cysts
Sebaceous cysts develop when the sebaceous glands become blocked or damaged, leading to a buildup of keratin under the skin. While the exact cause of these blockages can vary, several factors increase the risk of developing sebaceous cysts.
Blocked Sebaceous Glands
The primary cause of a sebaceous cyst is a blockage in the sebaceous gland or its duct. This blockage traps oil and dead skin cells, forming a closed sac beneath the skin. Common reasons for blockages include:
- Excessive oil production
- Dead skin cell buildup
- Clogged pores due to heavy creams or skincare products
Skin Trauma or Damage
An injury to the skin, such as a cut, scratch, or surgical incision, can cause a sebaceous gland to become blocked. When the skin heals improperly, a cyst may form as a response to the trapped keratin. Even minor skin trauma, such as rubbing or pressure, can contribute to cyst development.
Genetic Factors and Skin Conditions
Certain genetic conditions can increase the likelihood of developing sebaceous cysts. For example:
- Gardner syndrome and Basal cell nevus syndrome are associated with multiple cysts on the skin.
- Acne and other skin conditions that cause excess oil production and frequent skin irritation can also lead to cyst formation.
Hormonal Influences
Hormonal changes, particularly during puberty, pregnancy, or hormone therapy, can lead to increased sebum production. The excess oil may block sebaceous glands, contributing to the formation of cysts, especially in oily-prone areas such as the face, neck, and back.
While most sebaceous cysts are harmless, understanding their causes can help with prevention and treatment. In the next section, learn when a dermatologist or surgeon should evaluate a cyst and the potential risks of leaving a cyst untreated.
When to See a Doctor for a Sebaceous Cyst
While most sebaceous cysts are harmless, certain signs may indicate the need for professional treatment. It is important to know when to consult a dermatologist or surgeon, particularly if the cyst changes in appearance or causes discomfort.
Signs That Require Medical Attention
A sebaceous cyst should be assessed by a specialist if:
- The cyst grows rapidly or suddenly changes in size.
- It becomes painful, red, or swollen, indicating a possible infection.
- The cyst drains foul-smelling pus or develops a discharge.
- It interferes with daily activities due to its size or location.
- You notice hardening or changes in texture, as this may indicate a more serious condition.
Potential Risks of Leaving a Cyst Untreated
While many sebaceous cysts remain stable, untreated cysts can sometimes lead to complications, including:
- Infection, which can cause abscess formation and require antibiotic treatment or drainage.
- Inflammation, leading to pain and redness around the cyst.
- Rupture, where the cyst bursts under the skin, causing increased pain and a risk of infection.
- In rare cases, a cyst may develop into a benign or malignant tumour, though this is uncommon.
Expert Care from Our Dermatologists and Surgeons
At City Dermatology Clinic, our doctors such as Mr Parviz Sadigh, Dr Jana Torres-Grau, and Mr Vincenzo Ottaviano provide thorough assessments and personalised treatment plans for sebaceous cysts. Professional care ensures the safe removal of cysts, helps avoid complications, and minimises scarring.
If you are experiencing symptoms of a problematic sebaceous cyst, scheduling a consultation with one of our experienced dermatologists or surgeons can help ensure the best outcome for your skin health.
Treatment Options for Sebaceous Cysts
Treatment for sebaceous cysts depends on their size, location, and whether they are causing symptoms. While some small and harmless cysts can be managed at home, larger or problematic cysts often require professional treatment by a dermatologist or surgeon.
At-Home Care and When It’s Safe
For small, non-inflamed sebaceous cysts, simple home remedies may help:
- Warm compresses: Applying a warm, damp cloth to the cyst for 10–15 minutes, several times a day can soften the skin and encourage natural drainage.
- Avoid squeezing or picking: Trying to pop a cyst at home can lead to infection, scarring, or further inflammation.
- Maintain good hygiene: Keeping the skin clean and avoiding heavy creams or lotions that could block pores can help prevent cysts from getting worse.
However, if a cyst becomes painful, grows rapidly, or shows signs of infection, it is important to seek professional care to avoid complications.
Professional Treatments at City Dermatology Clinic
When a sebaceous cyst requires removal, professional treatments are safe and effective. Specialists like Mr Parviz Sadigh, Dr Jana Torres-Grau, and Mr Vincenzo Ottaviano offer various treatment options, including:
- Incision and Drainage: This method involves creating a small incision to drain the cyst’s contents. It offers quick relief from pain and swelling but may not prevent the cyst from recurring if the cyst wall is not removed.
- Complete Cyst Removal: For a permanent solution, a dermatologist or surgeon can perform a minor procedure to remove the entire cyst, including its sac. This method minimises the risk of recurrence and is often performed under local anaesthesia with minimal scarring.
- Steroid Injections: If a cyst is inflamed but not infected, a steroid injection can reduce swelling and inflammation, helping the cyst shrink over time.
How to Prevent Sebaceous Cysts from Returning
Preventing sebaceous cysts involves maintaining good skin hygiene and taking proactive steps to reduce blockages in the sebaceous glands:
- Regular cleansing and exfoliation help remove dead skin cells and keep pores clear.
- Avoiding heavy, oil-based skincare products can reduce the risk of blocked glands.
- Wearing loose clothing and minimising friction on the skin can help prevent trauma-induced cysts.
For those prone to recurrent cysts, a dermatologist or surgeon can provide personalised advice on long-term management and prevention strategies. Consulting with a specialist ensures that any new or changing lumps are properly assessed and treated, promoting optimal skin health.
